What is a private limited company?
A private limited company is a type of organisation you can set up to run your business. Company ownership is split into shares owned by shareholders. A company must pay corporation tax out of any profits and can then distribute the remaining profits among shareholders. It’s run by directors who are legally required to perform certain duties for the company and its shareholders.
'Limited' means that the financial responsibility of the company is limited to the value of the company’s shares that have not been paid for. This means that if a company has one member (shareholder) and they own 20,000 shares each at a value of £1, then they would be liable for £20,000 (if unpaid) at the time of winding up.
What does 'limited liability' mean?
The basis of a limited liability company is that all debts incurred by a company are the company's liabilities and are not directly the legal liabilities of the company's shareholders or directors. The directors of a limited liability company do not incur personal liability as all their acts are undertaken as agents for the company.
However, liability may be imposed on directors in the event of wrongful or fraudulent trading, ie if a director acts in an inappropriate manner (eg using fraudulent methods to pay creditors, overpaying themselves, using company funds for their personal benefit, etc).
Note that those who undertake director's roles without being legally registered at Companies House are considered ‘de facto directors’ and are usually treated by the law in the same way as registered directors. A de facto director is an individual who carries out all the duties of, and makes decisions as, a director without being formally appointed as such. For more information, read Different types of company directors, or Ask a lawyer about personal liability.
Setting up a limited company
Choose a company name and register the company with Companies House. Which Companies House you register your company with depends on which country your company is based in - a Scottish company can only be registered with Scottish Companies House in Edinburgh, while an English or Welsh company can only be registered with Companies House in Cardiff. Read How to register your company in 5 steps for more information.
Business taxes
Company tax
A company must pay corporation tax, and file an annual Company Tax Return.
You must give HMRC specific information about your company within 3 months of starting a business. You can do this online. You must submit:
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the date you started in business
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your company name and registered number
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the main address where you do business from
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what kind of business you do
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the date you'll make your annual accounts up to (the accounting reference date, given to you by Companies House)
The table below sets out a timeline of important accounts and tax returns:
| To do |
Deadline |
| File annual accounts with Companies House |
Existing companies: 9 months after your company’s financial year ends New companies: 21 months after incorporation. |
| Pay Corporation Tax |
9 months and 1 day after your company’s financial year ends |
| File a Company Tax Return with HMRC |
12 months after your company’s financial year ends |
Download HMRC’s detailed guidance on Submitting your Company Tax return.
VAT
The company must register for VAT if it expects turnover to be more than the current threshold (currently £85,000).
Company House compliance
As with company registration, all documents must be submitted to the correct Companies House. Where a company is based in England and Wales all documents must be filed with Companies House in Cardiff, while all documents of a company based in Scotland must be filed with Companies House in Edinburgh.
Company statutory books
Companies House requires you to keep and maintain statutory books of your company at either your company’s registered office or another place where they can be inspected.
The statutory books include:
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the register of the company’s members
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the register of directors
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the register of directors’ residential addresses
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the register of secretaries (if applicable)
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the register of charges registered against the company (only for charges on or before 6 April 2013)
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minute books including copies of shareholder resolutions passed
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people with significant control over the company
You must maintain accurate accounting records, which contain details of payments made and received as well as the assets and liabilities of the company. You must keep them for three years from the date they were made.
Submitting register of people with 'significant control'
From 6 April 2016, you must start keeping a register of people with significant control (‘PSC’). This new register must contain information on individuals who ultimately own or control more than 25% of a company’s shares or voting rights, or who otherwise exercise control over the company and its management.
A company’s PSC register will be available for public inspection and will be searchable online via Companies House. From 30 June 2016, you must start including PSC details when filing your new annual confirmation statements (which will replace the current annual return from the same date). Read general guidance on the PSC regime for more information.
Submitting a confirmation statement
In June 2016, confirmation statements replaced annual returns. A confirmation statement is a snapshot of general information about a company's directors, secretary (where one has been appointed), registered office address, shareholders, share capital and people with significant control. Confirmation statements can be made at any time, although no more than 12 months must elapse between them.
Companies House will not impose any financial penalties if your confirmation statement is delivered after the filing deadline, however, your company could be struck off the register (ie closed down) if you simply do not send one at all. For more information, you can read Filing your confirmation statement and the government’s guidance on the confirmation statement.
Submitting annual accounts
You must also file a set of accounts at Companies House each year.
Usually, these relate to the 12 month period up to the company’s last accounting reference date and consist of:
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a profit and loss account
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a balance sheet signed by a director on behalf of the board
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notes to the accounts
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a directors’ report signed by a secretary or director
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an auditors’ report signed by the auditors (unless the company is exempt from audit)
Once the accounts have been signed off by the directors and a copy has been sent to the company’s members, you must file them with Companies House. Existing companies must file the accounts within nine months of each accounting reference date. New companies must file their first set of accounts within 21 months of the incorporation date.
For more information, read Annual accounts and tax return.
Business records
Every business must keep business records.
HMRC may wish to inspect your business records to ensure that the business is paying sufficient tax, staff are being paid appropriate wages, and National Insurance contributions are being properly made. They will also want to check that the business is not being used for money laundering purposes.
Read Accounting and bookkeeping for more information.
Event driven notices
There are certain other ‘event driven notices’ that have to be submitted to Companies House to update their records. If, for example, a company changes address or appoints a new director, Companies House has to be informed. Read Other filings at Companies House for more information.
Right to suppress your home address
Directors and people with significant control of a company have the right to suppress their residential address from public inspection at Companies House.
To remove your home address, you can apply by post at a cost of £30 for each document you wish to suppress. You must provide an alternative correspondence address if you're still appointed to a live company, such as a current director. This will replace your home address on the public register. Note that this process cannot be used if the home address has been used as a company's registered office address.
PAYE
PAYE is set up by HMRC for collecting income tax and National Insurance contributions from employers. You can choose to either:
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run PAYE on your own, or
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pay a third-party payroll provider to run it for you
Read PAYE and payroll for more information.
Self-assessment
If the dividend income of any directors and/or shareholders from dividends might exceed £10,000 then those directors and/or shareholders will need to register for a self-assessment tax return using form SA1.
