What are the main types of restrictive covenants?
There is a wide range of common restrictive covenants, including:
- preventing alterations to be made to the property (eg conversion of a house into flats or building extensions)
- in the case of land which is sold, preventing the erection of any new buildings on the land
- preventing land from being used for any business purposes
- restrictions relating to access over land
- in terms of leasehold flats, there are often a variety of restrictive covenants designed to maintain shared conditions of communal living (eg keeping of pets or regulations on noise)
Other restrictive covenants are created specifically for a certain scenario. For example, in the case of commercial properties which are sold, there may be a stipulation that the property cannot be used by a business that directly competes with the seller.
How long do restrictive covenants last?
Some restrictive covenants last a set amount of time whilst others last indefinitely. It's important to note that restrictive covenants are passed down with the land; when the property or land is sold, the new owners are bound by the same rules. This means that it is vital for prospective buyers - particularly those who intend to develop the land or make significant changes to the property - to ensure they are aware of any restrictive covenants prior to going ahead with the sale.
Ask a lawyer to help check if a property is encumbered by restrictive covenants.
You can also check the property by searching on the Land Registry website.
What happens if a restrictive covenant is breached?
A property owner who breaches a restrictive covenant may be liable to:
- pay compensation (to the beneficiary of the restrictive covenant)
- stop any work that has brought about the breach (subject to an injunction)
- rectify the breach (eg demolish an extension that has been built in contravention of the restrictive covenant)
- in the case of a business, it may need to cease trading at the property if its use of the property (for business purposes) breaches the restrictive covenant
If a property owner who has already breached a restrictive covenant wants to sell their property, they should Ask a lawyer for advice. It may be possible to purchase indemnity insurance which covers issues such as enforcement and potential reduction in property value etc.
How can restrictive covenants be changed or challenged?
The first step in changing or removing a restrictive covenant will be to speak to the beneficiary of the restrictive covenant to find out if they are willing to come to a new agreement. If this approach is not successful, the property owner can apply to the Lands Chamber of the Upper Tribunal to have the restrictive covenant modified or discharged.
Scotland - real burdens
In Scotland, the equivalent of a restrictive covenant is known as ‘real burdens’. An examination of a property’s title deed may reveal whether a real burden exists.
A real burden places an obligation on the landowner (the owner of the burdened land or property) to either do something or to refrain from doing something. The owner of the benefited property (the property that gains something from the burden placed on the other land) will be able to enforce the burden.
There is a difficulty in enforcing real burdens as, while real burdens are required to be registered on the title deed of the burdened land, there is no such requirement for the benefiting land. As a result, the owner of the benefiting land may have the right to enforce the burden without knowing it (and may thus not know how to remedy a breach of the burden).
Types of real burdens
There is a wide range of real burdens, most commonly found in cases of plot subdivision or ‘community real burden’ (where a large plot of land was bought by a developer, built into an estate and then sold individually).
Duration of real burdens
Real burdens will unless clearly stated otherwise, continue without change for the lifetime of the property.
Removing and changing real burdens
Real burdens can be changed (also known as ‘varied’) or removed (also known as ‘discharged’) in a number of ways. These include:
- by agreement between the parties (the owner/s of the burdened and the benefited lands)
- by the Lands Tribunal of Scotland
- by breach if:
- the owner of the benefited property does not object to a breach of the burden
- no one has an interest in enforcing the burden
- a number of years have passed (also known as ‘prescription’)
Where an individual wishes to breach a neighbour’s community rights (with their agreement) a notification procedure must be followed. This procedure involves notifying all owners of properties within a certain area of the intention to breach the community right.
Ask a lawyer to help with the process of varying or removing a real burden over property.
